Here You will find hand written notes of Unit III of Computer System & Programming in C . Student are advised to download them from the link given below.
- Download the notes of Unit III for B.Tech 1st Year Students Unit III
Download the notes of Unit III for B.Tech 1st Year Students Unit III
Download the notes of Unit III for B.Tech 1st Year Students Data Processing Tools
_________________________________________________________________________________
How to Boot the system
Switch on the computer and boot it with
Windows OS. When system gets booted, desktop will get displayed on the monitor
screen. Identify the Desktop Icons, Start Button, Quick Launch Toolbar and
System Tray.
While booting firstly computer checks all its
peripherals, if they are functioning properly or not. If any unit is found
faulty, an error message appears on the screen and booting stops. On the other
hand if all the units are found OK then booting continues. Computer reads the
operating system from the disk loads it into main memory and displays further
functioning and Graphical User Interface of the Windows Operating System.
Working on MS-DOS Environment
1.
MD
(Make Directory): This command is used to make a new directory or folder.
C:\> MD <directory or folder name> Press Enter Key
**Note: By default in MS-DOS current directory
is C derive. Symbol C :\> is called Command Prompt.
2.
CD
(Change Directory): This command is used to change the current directory or
folder. C :\> CD <directory name> Press Enter Key
C:\directory name>.
Now we are inside the new directory, from C drive to new directory / existing
directory
3.
RD
(Remove Directory) : This command is used to remove a directory. The directory
to be removed should be empty i.e. there must be no file inside that directory.
C :\> RD <directory name> Press Enter Key
4.
CD. :
CD followed by two dots. This command is used to come out of the current
directory/folder.
C:\directory1\directory2> CD.. Press Enter
Key
Result: C:\directory1>. Now we are out of
the directory2.
5.
DIR:
This command is used to view all the directories.
C :\> dir press enter key
6.
File
creation: Copy Con: copy con myfile.txt <press enter> When typing the
above you will return down one line to a blank line. Create the file line by
line. Once you are ready to create the file press enter to get to a blank line
and then press and hold CTRL and press Z then let go of both buttons. This will
return a ^Z. Once this has been entered press enter to save and exit the file.
edit myfile.txt <press enter>. By this command we can open the editor of
MS-DOS
7.
COPY
command: It is used to copy the content of one file to another file.
C :\> copy <source file> <target
file> Press Enter Key
8.
TYPE:
This command is used to view the contents of a existing file on command prompt.
C:\ <current directory> TYPE <file name> Press Enter Key
9.
EDIT:
This command is used to open the editor of MS-DOS. In this we can create a new
text file and save it in some directory or can open the exiting file to view
its contents.
C :\> edit Press Enter Key, A text editor will be opened.
10.
DEL:
This command is used to delete an existing file from a directory or drive.
C:\<Current Directory> DEL <file name> Press Enter Key.
11.
CLS: It
allows the user to clear the complete content of the screen, leaving only the
MS-DOS prompt.
12.
TIME:
It allows the user to view and edit the time of the computer system.
13.
DATE:
It allows the user to view and edit the current date to an alternate date.
14.
VER:
This command is used to view the version of the MS-DOS Operating System.
Working on Windows OS Environment
- Working
with desktop icons: Right click the mouse on some blank portion of the
desktop. A shortcut menu appears on the monitor. Select ―Arrange Icon By”
option from this menu. When you do so another popup menu appears, select
“Name ―option. This will arrange icons by name. Similarly ―By Type‖ etc.
- Familiarity
with multitasking features of Windows:
(i)
Double
click the mouse on the time that get displayed in system tray.
(ii)
Double
click the mouse on My Computer Icon on desktop.
(iii)
Select
―Start‖ button and then select any option from start menu like: All programs,
Accessories, MS Office etc.
- Operating
upon Program Windows: Move the window, Decrease the width of window,
Increase the length of the window, Maximize the window, Minimize the
window and restore.
- Working
with Notepad Program: Click mouse on Start button → Select All Programs
→Accessories →Notepad from nested popup menus. Notepad window appears. Go
to Menu Bar, select File → New File → Save it as .txt extension→ Write
some text on the notepad editor. From Edit menu perform Cut, Copy &
Paste operations.
- Working
on MS –Word: The user interface of MS Word includes Document window,
Ruler, Title bar, Menu Bar, Standard tool bar (with short cut options),
Formatting Toolbar (For text designing & formatting).
(i)
Creating,
Saving and Closing the document: Select Start button → all programs → Ms
Office→ MS Word. Then select File → Press New document Pane. a blank editor
will open , Select save as option from File Menu , give the file name as .doc
extension. Write something on text. Press Ctrl + S (or F2) key to save the
typed text.
(ii)
Select
Edit Menu at menu bar and perform select all, cut, copy, paste options.
(iii)
Select
Insert menu → Go to symbol sub menu. Select Insert menu again & select
object sub menu. In that select Microsoft Equation option and work on some
mathematical operations and symbols.
(iv)
Click
Save in the Save As dialog box to save the document and close the Save As
dialog box. Select file or folder to be used to save the word file.
(v)
Select
Format Menu in menu bar and change the Font, Size of Font & its Type.
Paragraph Editing, Bullets & Numbering, Borders & Shading etc.
(vi)
Work on
Table Menu to draw the table of some fixed rows and columns.
- Short
Cut keys for MS Word application: Short cut keys are those through which
we can quickly perform various functions of MS-Word with keyboard, without
using mouse to select options from Menu Bar.
Ctrl + N – Open a new document.
Ctrl + O – Open an existing document.
Ctrl + P – Print the active document.
Ctrl + S (or F2 key) -- Save the document
file.
Ctrl + X – Move the selected text
Ctrl + C ---- Copy the selected text
Ctrl + V --- Paste the selected text
Ctrl + A --- Select the whole text of a
document file.
- In the 1980s or early 1990s, the operating system that shipped with most PCs was a version of the Disk Operating System (DOS) created by Microsoft: MS-DOS.
- MS-DOS is a disk operating system for IBM PC–compatible computers.
- In its day, it was easily the most popular operating system in the world.
- As with any other operating system, its function is to oversee the operation of the system by providing support for executing programs, controlling I/O devices, handling errors, and providing the user interface.
- MS-DOS is a disk-based, single-user, single-task operating system. These qualities make it one of the easiest disk operating systems to understand.
DOS FILES
- The main portions of MS-DOS are the IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM files.
- IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS are special, hidden system files
- The IO.SYS file moves the system’s basic I/O functions into memory and then implements the MS-DOS default control programs, referred to as device drivers, for various hardware components.
- These include the following:
- The boot disk drive
- The console display and keyboard
- The system’s time-of-day clock
- The parallel and serial communications port
IO.SYS & MSDOS.SYS
In
the PC bootup sequence, the first sector of the boot disk is loaded
into memory and executed. If this is the DOS boot sector, it loads the
first three sectors of IO.SYS into memory and transfers control to it.
IO.SYS then:
- Loads the rest of itself into memory.
- Initializes each default device driver in turn (console, disk, serial port, etc..). At this point, the default devices are available.
- Loads the DOS files and calls its initialization routine.
- Processes the MSDOS.SYS file .
- Processes the CONFIG.SYS file, in MS-DOS 2.0 .
- Loads COMMAND.COM (or other operating system shell if specified).
COMMAND.COM
- The COMMAND.COM command interpreter accepts commands issued through the keyboard, or other input device, and carries them out according to the commands definition.
- When DOS runs an application, COMMAND.COM finds the program, loads it into memory, and then gives it control of the system. When the program is shut down, it passes control back to the command interpreter.
Common
MS-DOS Commands
|
|||
Command
|
Description
|
Usage
|
|
dir
|
Lists all files in current directory
|
Command:
C:\>dir
|
|
Result:
List of directories Homework, Personal, Work and the file
info.doc
|
|||
md
|
Creates a new directory in the directory specified in the
command, or in the current working directory if none other is specified
|
Command:
md <directory name>
|
|
cd
|
Changes the current directory to the one specified.
|
Command:
C:\>cd <directory name>
|
|
cd ..
|
The command changes the directory to the parent directory
of the current directory.
|
Command:
cd ..
|
|
cd \
|
The command changes to the root directory of the current
drive.
|
Command:
cd \
|
|
move
|
This command moves files or directories from the original
directory specified to the new directory.
To move a file or files, you specify the name and location
of the file or files you want to move followed by the destination.
|
Examples:
move <source> <destination>
|
|
copy
|
This command copies files from one location to another.
|
Command:
copy <source> <destination>
|
|
rename
|
Changes the name under which files and/or directories are
stored.
|
Command:
rename <original name> <new name>
|
|
rd
|
Removes (deletes) a directory.
Note:
to remove a directory, directory must be empty. You must delete all files and
subdirectories in order to delete a parent directory.
|
Command:
rd <directory name>
|
|
del
|
Used to delete files. If a directory name is given in the
command, all files in the directory are deleted.
|
Command:
del <file/directory name>
|
|
*
|
Wildcard character, a special symbol that stands for one
or more characters. Operating systems
support the use of wild cards for identifying Files and Directories.
|
Usage:
M* searches for all files and directories that start with
the letter M.
|
|
edit
|
Command used to run the DOS Text Editor program.
|
Command:
edit
|
|
exit
|
Closes the DOS window
|
Command:
exit
|
|
What is Windows?
• An operating system and Graphical User Interface (GUI) created by Microsoft and found on most computer systems (but not all!).
•
Allows for easy “point and click” operations between the user and the
different files and programs with which they wish to work.
• While there are many different versions of Windows, the fundamentals are the same.
Menu bar:• On many windows you will see a menu bar, which allows you to access features within that particular program.
• Office 2010 programs have a menu bar as well, but it’s configured differently and is called “the ribbon”
Scroll Bars.
• Scroll bars often appear at the bottom and even more often on the right hand side of a window, if there is a lot of content.
• Scroll bars are disabled when the content displayed is limited enough to fit within the dimensions of the window.
Cut/Copy/Paste
• Cut , copy, and paste commands can be used with to move text, graphics and other items from one
application to the next (Internet Explorer to Microsoft Word, for instance).
• Copied or cut items are placed in temporary storage (the Clipboard) and can be retrieved as
long as the computer is on or if the item hasn’t been replaced by another that you select.
• An item on the Clipboard can be pasted multiple times.
Cut/Copy/Paste
1. Select the item (text or graphic) to be copied by either highlighting the text or right clicking on the graphic.
2. Once you have made your selection, in the case of text, notice that it remains highlighted
3. You can now right click on your selection and select Copy OR Press [Ctrl ]+ [C].
4. Now you have copied the material and you can use it to paste into another application...
Cut/Copy/Paste
• Once you have copied the item, go to the application where you would like to paste it.
• Place your cursor where you want to paste the item in the document (a word file, email, etc.)
• Right Click and then select Paste OR Press [Ctrl]+[V].
| Introduction | Windows 3.1 First widely used successful version of Windows Replaced MS-DOS Windows 95 Introduced Start button, taskbar for multitasking, and My Computer for easier file management Windows NT Intended for business computing Increased reliability and security |
| Windows 98 Active desktop displays Web content Enables Web conventions on the desktop Windows 2000 Security of NT with Windows 98 Interface Windows 2000 Professional and Windows 2000 Server Windows Me (Millennium Edition) Successor to Windows 98 for home computing |
| Logging On | The following instructions are for logging onto any machine running
Windows XP in CMU's Clusters.
When you arrive at a machine, you should see a Welcome to Windows box displayed.
|
| Logging Off | When you are finished working on a cluster machine, you should always log off.
Before logging off, make sure to Backup all your
files that contain useful information. Then ...
|
| Viewing File Extensions | File extensions are the the part of the file name after the period (e.g., the
mcp in project.mcp or the java in Application.java).
It is often very useful to be able to see both file names and extensions.
On some Windows operating systems (e.g., 2000), this is the default; on others (e.g., NT)
you must follow the instructions below.
|
| Renaming Folders and Files | To rename a folder or file (if it is a file with an extension, the
extension should remain the same: you will be warned if you accidentally
change it);
|
| Enabling Scrolling in the Console Window | Java programs often input/output text in the console window.
If scrolling is enabled on these windows, you can look at all the text printed.
On some Windows operating systems (e.g., Windows 2000), this is the default (300 lines);
on others (e.g., Windows NT) you must follow the instructions below.
To allow [more] scrolling in this window, so that you can see a [longer] history of
all your program's input/output, perform the following steps (you may have to
perform these steps each time that you log on):
|
| Zipping Files | WinZip (the zipping/unzippng software) is already installed on all the computers in the
cluster.
If you want to install it on your own computer, follow this link to the
WinZip web page
to download a copy).
Programming assignments must be turned in as single zip file that contains
all the files inside a project folder.
To zip all the files in a folder named F, for example, into a single zip
file
|
| Unzipping Files | To unzip all the files in a zip file, for example F.zip
|
Introduction
Technical report writing is an important
skill. It's much more precise than many other forms
of writing. A project report is not
quite the same as a technical report,
however it should show the same level of care and attention to detail.
This document was written to provide a few
pointers about what I look for in a project report, and some tips for writing
these documents using Microsoft Word. It
is written in the form it recommends, and contains examples of both good and
bad styles. It is intended for
undergraduate project students, and post-graduate students in their first
year. It assumes a reasonable
familiarity with Microsoft Word (although not at the level of an expert user),
and a reasonable grasp of English grammar.
1.1 Background to the Report
Please note that there is no accepted
standard for project reports. Different
supervisors will have different opinions and preferences about style; in some
cases this document merely describes my preferences and opinions. Any student reading this document would be
well advised to talk to his or her other supervisor as well, and attempt to
write a document to satisfy us both.
Distributing this report written in Word
has two additional benefits: it allows me to give examples of what I regard as
good (and occasionally bad) styles, and it gives me the chance to distribute a
sample style gallery that might be of some use.
(If you don't know what a style gallery is, look it up under Microsoft
Word help.)
1.2 Writing Reports for Me
This is important, I want everyone to read
this, so I’ll put it here. Strictly
speaking you could argue that this section should be placed in the body of the
report since it is not an introduction to anything that is discussed in more
detail later, but since it’s short I can get away with it.
I am happy to read draft copies of a report
before submission. However, I am not
happy to read slightly different versions of the same chapter over and over
again, and I won’t have time to read anything if I am presented with a large
document only a few days before the deadline.
I have come up with a few rules for how
this can best work for both of us:
- Run all chapters through a spelling and grammar checker before they get to me, and take note of the advice provided. This is particularly important if English is not your first language. If the grammar and spelling are so poor that I have difficulty in understanding what you are trying to say, then be prepared to have the document returned. I’m afraid I don’t have the time, experience or qualifications to teach English as a foreign language.
- Send me individual chapters one at a time, as soon as they are complete (or as soon as you want some comments on them). This minimises the amount of reading I have to do at the end of the projects, and I hope will encourage you to write as you go along, always a good idea.
- If you are sending me a chapter for the second time, then please clearly mark where the changes have been made, so I don’t have to read through the whole thing again.
- If English is not your native language, it is almost certain that there will remain a lot of grammatical and usage points which the computer’s grammar checker will not pick up. Experience has suggested that the best thing is to leave these until the end, and then for a native English speaker to go through the document once, to correct the grammar. It is better if this person has not been involved with the project, so they don’t get too bored.
The Basics of Project Report Writing
Some basic
techniques and considerations about writing project reports: when to write; the
structure of the project report; what sections should be included; what order
they should be placed in; and what kind of information I am looking for when I
read a project report.
There are a lot of good introductions to
report writing out there already (see for example, the information at http://www.amp.york.ac.uk/internal/ugrad/gen/tskills/t_skills.htm),
and I won't try and repeat all that information here. I will assume the reader is familiar with
this material already (if you're not, do look up and read these pages). Instead, I will concentrate on the particular
nature of the project report and
highlight what I have found to be the most common problems.
Microsoft
Office is an
office suite of applications, servers, and services developed by Microsoft. It
was first announced by Bill Gates on 1 August 1988, at COMDEX in Las Vegas.
Initially a marketing term for a bundled set of applications, the first version
of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint.
• Microsoft Word: a word processor
included Microsoft Office and some editions of the now-discontinued Microsoft
Works. The first version of Word, released in the autumn of 1983, was for the
MS-DOS operating system and had the distinction of introducing the mouse to a
broad population. Word 1.0 could be purchased with a bundled mouse, though none
was required. Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for
Macintosh attempted to add closer WYSIWYG features into its package. Word for
Mac was released in 1985. Word for Mac was the first graphical version of
Microsoft Word. Initially, it implemented the proprietary doc format as its
primary format. Word 2007, however, deprecated this format in favor of Office
Open XML, which was later standardized by Ecma International as an open format.
Support for Portable Document Format (PDF) and OpenDocument (ODF) was first
introduced in Word for Windows with Service Pack 2 for Word 2007.
• Microsoft Excel: a spreadsheet that
originally competed with the dominant Lotus 1-2-3, and eventually outsold it.
Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Mac OS in 1985, and the
first Windows version (numbered 2.05 to line up with the Mac) in November 1987.
• Microsoft PowerPoint: a presentation program
used to create slideshows composed of text, graphics, and other objects, which
can be displayed on-screen and shown by the presenter or printed out on
transparencies or slides.
• Microsoft Access: a database management
system for Windows that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine
with a graphical user interface and software development tools. Microsoft
Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine.
It can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and
databases.[9]
• Microsoft Outlook (not to be confused with
Outlook Express, Outlook.com or Outlook on the web): a personal information
manager that replaces Windows Messaging, Microsoft Mail, and Schedule+ starting
in Office 97, it includes an e-mail client, calendar, task manager and address
book. On the Mac OS, Microsoft offered several versions of Outlook in the late
1990s, but only for use with Microsoft Exchange Server. In Office 2001, it
introduced an alternative application with a slightly different feature set
called Microsoft Entourage. It reintroduced Outlook in Office 2011, replacing
Entourage.[10]
• Microsoft OneNote: a notetaking program
that gathers handwritten or typed notes, drawings, screen clippings and audio
commentaries. Notes can be shared with other OneNote users over the Internet or
a network. OneNote was initially introduced as a standalone app that was not
included in any of Microsoft Office 2003 editions. However, OneNote eventually
became a core component of Microsoft Office; with the release of Microsoft
Office 2013, OneNote was included in all Microsoft Office offerings. OneNote is
also available as a web app on Office Online, a freemium Windows desktop app, a
mobile app for Windows Phone, iOS, Android, and Symbian, and a Metro-style app
for Windows 8 or later.
• Microsoft Publisher: a desktop
publishing app for Windows mostly used for designing brochures, labels,
calendars, greeting cards, business cards, newsletters, web site, and postcards
• Skype for Business: an integrated
communications client for conferences and meetings in real time, it is the only
Microsoft Office desktop app that is neither useful without a proper network infrastructure nor has the
"Microsoft" prefix in its name.
• Microsoft Project: a project management app for Windows to keep
track of events and to create network charts and Gantt charts, not bundled in
any Office suite
• Microsoft Vision: a diagram and
flowcharting app for Windows not bundled in any Office suite
Technical report writing is an
important skill. It's much more precise than many other forms of
writing. A project report is not quite the same as a technical report,
however it should show the same level of care and attention to detail.
This document was written to provide
a few pointers about what I look for in a project report, and some tips for
writing these documents using Microsoft Word. It is written in the form
it recommends, and contains examples of both good and bad styles. It is
intended for undergraduate project students, and post-graduate students in
their first year. It assumes a reasonable familiarity with Microsoft Word
(although not at the level of an expert user), and a reasonable grasp of
English grammar.
Please note that there is no accepted standard for project
reports. Different supervisors will have different opinions and
preferences about style; in some cases this document merely describes my
preferences and opinions. Any student reading this document would be well
advised to talk to his or her other supervisor as well, and attempt to write a
document to satisfy us both.
Distributing this report written in
Word has two additional benefits: it allows me to give examples of what I
regard as good (and occasionally bad) styles, and it gives me the chance to
distribute a sample style gallery that might be of some use. (If you
don't know what a style gallery is, look it up under Microsoft Word help.)
This is important, I want everyone
to read this, so I’ll put it here. Strictly speaking you could argue that
this section should be placed in the body of the report since it is not an
introduction to anything that is discussed in more detail later, but since it’s
short I can get away with it.
I am happy to read draft copies of a
report before submission. However, I am not happy to read slightly
different versions of the same chapter over and over again, and I won’t have
time to read anything if I am presented with a large document only a few days
before the deadline.
I have come up with a few rules for
how this can best work for both of us:
- Run all chapters through a spelling and grammar checker before they get to me, and take note of the advice provided. This is particularly important if English is not your first language. If the grammar and spelling are so poor that I have difficulty in understanding what you are trying to say, then be prepared to have the document returned. I’m afraid I don’t have the time, experience or qualifications to teach English as a foreign language.
- Send me individual chapters one at a time, as soon as they are complete (or as soon as you want some comments on them). This minimises the amount of reading I have to do at the end of the projects, and I hope will encourage you to write as you go along, always a good idea.
- If you are sending me a chapter for the second time, then please clearly mark where the changes have been made, so I don’t have to read through the whole thing again.
- If English is not your native language, it is almost certain that there will remain a lot of grammatical and usage points which the computer’s grammar checker will not pick up. Experience has suggested that the best thing is to leave these until the end, and then for a native English speaker to go through the document once, to correct the grammar. It is better if this person has not been involved with the project, so they don’t get too bored.
Use of M.S Office in
Project:
According to the
Microsoft's website "Microsoft Office Project Standard 2007 gives you
robust project management tools with the right blend of usability, power, and
flexibility, so you can manage projects more efficiently and effectively."
While we don't disagree with their statement, we all have worked with many
project managers who never have spent the time to understand the tool well
enough to feel that it really helps them do their job better.
If you've been using
Microsoft Project for any period of time, you probably know all the basics by
now. M.S office is to make your lives easier and more productive.
Using templates
Not every project is
the same. In fact, most of them are very different. But they all have the
common components of Inception, Elaboration, Construction, and Transition
(depending on the methodology used by your company, the names vary but the
purposes are the same).
By spending some of
your time creating a few basic templates, you can decrease the time needed to
set up the fundamentals over and over. This lets you focus on outlining what
you need to get done. Microsoft even has some templates, available for
download, to get you started.
Quickly Estimating project timelines
We've all been in
those meetings when a business partner requests a timeline on a project they
came up with only a few minutes beforehand.
I know one manager
who sits in meetings with his laptop open while Project is running trying to do
a high-level estimate of what the user is asking for. By focusing on the
creation of tasks with either a low, medium, or high level of effort, he can
quickly provide his estimate based on what he feels is the work required for the
particular project.
What If scenarios
Microsoft Project
also helps in those situations where you tell your boss that a project will
take X weeks, only to hear him tell you that's too long. Project allows you to
easily go back and modify your criteria to see if you can come up with
something more appealing.
You can do this
rather quickly by modifying the number of potential resources or evaluating the
parallel-pathing of some of your tasks. The list of things you can try goes on
and on but the benefit to you is that you can quickly try different scenarios
and see how it affects the outcome.
Tools for Data
Management
SAS
is a powerful statistical-analysis and data-management system for complex data
sets. It is especially strong in analysis of variance (ANOVA), the general
linear model, and their extensions.
SPSS
performs statistical analysis on quantitative data. The graphical user
interface makes statistics analysis easier, including most complex models.
Stata
is a command-based statistical package that offers a lot flexibility for data
analysis. The program language keeps a simple structure, so is easy to learn,
allowing users to focus on the statistical modelling.
Excel
is good is for the simplest descriptive statistics, or for more than a very few
columns. It is easy to use for basic data analysis, and is much more convenient
for data entry and shape manipulating.
NVivo is a qualitative data analysis package. It
helps researchers organize and analyze complex non-numerical or unstructured
data, both text and multimedia. The software allows users to classify, sort,
and arrange thousands of pieces of information. It also accommodates a wide
range of research methods. It supports documents in many languages.
ArcGIS
Explorer Desktop is a free GIS viewer that gives you an easy way
to explore, visualize, and share GIS information. ArcGIS Explorer adds value to
any GIS because it helps you deliver your authoritative data to a broad
audience.
Quantum GIS (QGIS) is
open source GIS software, available for both Windows and Mac OS. This software
is free and comes with surprisingly powerful and useful tools.
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